Creon The Tragic Hero In SophoclesAntigone - 886 Words

â€Å"According to Aristotle, the function of tragedy is to arouse pity and fear in audience so that we may be purged or cleansed, of these unsettling emotions.† (â€Å"What is† 739) This â€Å"purging† is clearly effective in Sophocles’ Antigone which is about a young woman’s will to do what is right by the Gods. Also, according to Aristotle, â€Å"a tragedy can arouse twin emotions of pity and fear only if it presents a certain type of hero or heroine who is neither completely good nor completely bad† (â€Å"What is† 739). He or she must also be â€Å"highly renowned and prosperous,† have a tragic flaw, learn a lesson, and suffer greatly (â€Å"What is† 739). Therefore, in Antigone by Sophocles, Creon is the tragic hero because he is a king who has the tragic flaw of†¦show more content†¦On page 737, the last lines of the Choragos are, â€Å"There is no happiness where there is no wisdom; No wisdom but in subm ission to the gods. Big words are always punished, and proud men in old age learn to be wise.† While this quote can seem confusing, but the explanation is really simple. You cannot be happy unless you are intelligent, and arrogant men can only gain this happiness once they are mature enough. This rings true to Creon’s character arc throughout Antigone, he only loses his pride once he learns his lesson and lost everything. The final aspect that makes Creon a tragic hero is the fact that he suffers more greatly than he deserves. For example, not only does Creon’s son kill himself, but according to the messenger before Haimon commits suicide he, â€Å"Spat in (Creon’s) face. He said not a word, Staring / And suddenly drew his sword / And lunged. Crein shrank back, the blade missed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Sophocles 734-735). Not only did Creon’s only son die, the last image of Haimon is him spitting in Creon’s face. The guilt Creon will have for the rest of his life will be tremendous, because he is going to feel responsible for leading his son to suicide. Not only does Haimon curse his father, Riddlemoser3 but Eurydice does as well. Once again, when the messenger reveals her death to Creon, he tells him that her last words were â€Å"A curse for their father, murderer of her sons (Sophocles 736). The messenger not onlyShow MoreRelatedCreon As A Tragic Hero In SophoclesAntigone1509 Words   |  7 PagesIn Poetics, Aristotle describes a tragic character as someone who experiences an error in judgement, experiences a reversal of fortune due to the error, has an excessive pride, and receives a fate much greater than what is deserved. In Sophocles’ Antigone, many would argue that Creon is the tragic hero of the play. However, he is not alone as the recipient of tragedy. A young woman by the name of Antigone also fits the characteristics for being considered a tragic heroine. A key element in the tragedy

Bullying Is A Massive Issue Around The World Essay

Bullying essay for US 22750 Bullying is a massive issues around the world. In our communities and especially in our schools. As a community we need to understand the meaning of bullying, what is the definition of bullying? The different types of bullying, understanding exactly what action causes bullying to be defined as bullying. Understanding the concept of bullying is important to try and understand what the victims had to endure and struggle through and the consequences of being bullied. Because bullying is such a massive problem There are many different meanings and definitions to bullying to different individuals. Bullying is a situation when a student or group of students is mean to you over a long period of time, this will either be weeks or even months. Bullying can either be physical (hitting, kicking, and so on) or it can be verbal (threats, name calling, gossiping or ignoring). Through this a person being bullied when he or she is exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons. Further definitions have been made to include psychological and emotional components such as exclusion and manipulation. When defining bullying some researchers have also made it their job to categorise of direct and indirect bullying, psychological, physical and sexual behaviours. According to O’Moore (1987) for example, defined bullying as â€Å"the long term and systematic use of violence, mental and physical, against an individual who isShow MoreRelatedDifferent Modes And Types Of Bullying1298 Words   |  6 Pagesespecially our youth, is bullying. Bullying is a continuous growing field that is being examined constantly due to its complexity. An important and well known website named stopbullying.com unleashed factual information that helps, as well educates families on this topic: â€Å"In 2014, the Centers for Disease Control and Department of Education released the first federal uniform definition of bullying for research and surveillance †¦ there are many different modes and types of bullying. The current definitionRead MoreEducation And Its Importance Of Education1255 Words   |  6 PagesEducation and Its Importance Education is an important part of US society and all its issues should be recognized and addressed. Unfortunately this is not the case. Education has many issues and the three most important are the day-one problem, bullying, and high dropout rates. These issues are often a big problem and can lead to an education that does not do the United States justice. The first issue is the day one problem. This problem states the beginning of a child’s life is extremely importantRead MoreWorking Title For App : The Problem Of Social Media1211 Words   |  5 Pagescalled the Far-reaching effect, she explains how much of the problems we have in real life follows us into the digital world. â€Å"For example cyber bullying is just as relevant as bullying in the real world, the impact of cyber bullying to a childs has a similar behavioral, emotional consequences as traditional bullying the difference is the amount.† (Keller). Not only this but the massive amount of information that is being put in front of kids causes one of two actions either complete withdrawal or anRead MoreEssay on Effect of Mass Media on Youth775 Words   |  4 Pagesto many factors of failures in a youth’s life. As the degree of usage of technology started to augment in recent years, bullying in cyberspace has increased correspondingly. Bullying through the medium of social networks has become widely known as cyber bullying and known also as the most severe issue since existence of bullying. Cyber bullying was originally enabled by Internet and Facebook until the cyberspace expanded which stimulated youths to bully on their cell phones andRead MoreImpact Of Technology On Our World909 Words   |  4 Pagesundoubtedly shaped the way we live in today’s world. This impact has made life much easier and convenient in every aspect of our everyday lives. However, when technology is broken down to different types and purposes, that is when we begin to recognize is certain technology actually moving the human race forward or backwards? One highly debated and arguably the most popular type of technology, is social media. Social media has negatively impacted our world to the point where humans no longer communicateRead MoreEssay On Love Is All You Need1286 Words   |  6 Pagesthis ongoing issue in her 2011 short YouTube film, Love Is All You Need? In the film, Shields takes what we know about the majority and flips it upside-down. She tells the story of a teenage girl who develops intimate feelings for another boy in a world where homosexuality is the norm and heterosexuality is only acceptable during the breeding season. My intention wasn t to create a twilight zone universe with rainbows and everyone singing show tunes but rather a very relatable world with a fewRead MoreThe Importance Of Technology892 Words   |  4 Pageschanged the world. Technology improves the efficiency of education, medicine, transportation, entertainment, business, and lifestyle. Every part of our daily life is related to technology in one or other way. It has made many tasks so much easier. The worst effect of these phones is when you’re with someone and they are unable to hold a conversation because their phone is so activated. Technology is one of the unsurpassed things in the world, but it is also one of the worst things in the world. NowadaysRead MoreWorldshaker755 Words   |  4 Pagesour ability to speak and stand up for what we believe in and our values. We must use the youth to help this work and make this society a much more supportive and understanding society to live in. Today, I will discuss three texts that deal with the issue â€Å"Standing up for what is right†. These texts are: â€Å"WorldShaker† written by Richard Harland, Bob Marley’s song â€Å"Get Up, Stand Up† and the song â€Å"Caught in the Crowd† written by Kate Miller-Heidke. They will be broken down into detail. The book â€Å"WorldShaker†Read MoreThe Internet and Social Media1212 Words   |  5 Pagesthey way we use it. We can now communicate with each other from anywhere around the world. We can update people on our current location. We can have a conversation over text. We can inform people exactly what we are doing at any given time. Social media has boomed in our society, and is only getting more and more popular. With sites like Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and Google +, people can communicate and update the world with whatever they see fit. Millions of people use social media every singleRead MoreThe Use of Internet and Social Interactions1250 Words   |  5 Pagesanything of it, because so many people have accounts on websites like Twitter, Tumblr, Facebook, etc., that are checked and updated daily. Those who have a life on the Internet do not always realize that they are losing their connections with the real world (CBC Article). Nowadays, a reputation online is more impor tant, and communication thrives through social networking. New cliques are created, and some are even finding a way to make a living online. Social media seems to have quite the impact, especially

Case Method free essay sample

This introduction is intended to provide students with some basic information about the case method, and guidelines about what they must do to gain the maximum benefit from the method. We begin by taking a brief look at what case studies are, and how they are used in the classroom. Then we discuss what the student needs to do to prepare for a class, and what she can expect during the case discussion. We also explain how student performance is evaluated in a case study based course. Finally, we describe the benefits a student of management can expect to gain through the use of the case method. There is no universally accepted definition for a case study, and the case method means different things to different people. Consequently, all case studies are not structured similarly, and variations abound in terms of style, structure and approach. Case material ranges from small caselets (a few paragraphs to one-two pages) to short cases (four to six pages) and from 10 to 18 page case studies to the longer versions (25 pages and above). We will write a custom essay sample on Case Method or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A case is usually a â€Å"description of an actual situation, commonly involving a decision, a challenge, an opportunity, a problem or an issue faced by a person or persons in an organization. 1 In learning with case studies, the student must deal with the situation described in the case, in the role of the manager or decision maker facing the situation. An important point to be emphasized here is that a case is not a problem. A problem usually has a unique, correct solution. On the other hand, a decision-maker faced with the situation described in a case can choose between several alternative courses of action, and each of these alternatives may plausibly be supported by logical argument. To put it simply, there is no unique, correct answer in the case study method. The case study method usually involves three stages: individual preparation, small group discussion, and large group or class discussion. While both the instructor and the student start with the same information, their roles are clearly different in each of these stages, as shown in Table 1. 1 Michiel R. Leeenders, Louise A. Mauffette-Launders and James Erskine, Writing Cases, (Ivey Publishing, 4th edition) 3. l Learning with Cases Table 1 Teacher and Student Roles in a Regular Case Class When Before Class Teacher Assigns case and often readings Prepares for class May consult colleagues During Class After Class Deals with readings Leads case discussion Evaluates and records student participation Evaluates materials and updates teaching note Student or Participant Receives case and assignment Prepares individually Discusses case in small group Raises questions regarding readings Participates in discussion Compares personal analysis with colleagues’ analysis. Reviews class discussion for major concepts learned. Source: Michiel R. If the stick had the picture of a motorbike, the consumer was entitled to the second prize, a TVS motorbike. If the print portrayed a camera, the customer was entitled to the third prize, a Canon camera. The picture of an ice candy stick won the consumer, the consolation prize of a Feast Jaljeera Blast (actual jaljeera drink, in the form of an ice candy). In 2002, HLL launched an innovative, aggressive and the first of its kind promotional campaign called ‘Ek Din Ka Raja’ (EDKR). Unlike the previous product specific campaigns, EDKR covered the entire range of ice creams. Running from March 2002 to May 2002, EDKR was the biggest ever promotional campaign for Kwality Wall’s. The contest was awarded the Best Promotion Campaign in India award at the Promotion Marketing Awards of Asia (PMAA) in Singapore. The promotion also won two more awards in Asia a Silver for the ‘Best Idea or Concept’ and a Bronze for the ‘Best use of Direct Marketing’ out of 97 short listed entries from Singapore, India, 38 Unilever in India: Building the Ice Cream Business Philippines, China, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand and Korea. 16 The total number of redemptions was close to a million, with each consumer spending a minimum of Rs. 100 to Rs. 125 per redemption. The EDKR contest entitled up to 10 lucky consumers to spend Rs 10 lakhs in a days shopping with their family in Mumbai. They

Competency Demonstration Report for Security - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCompetency Demonstration Report for Security Systems. Answer: Project Background Characteristics of the project Security systems in cars are getting advanced yet, the security systems could be breached by the thieves who are well equipped with technology. For them it just a trick but the users having cars faces many problems due to such intrusion that might affect the individual in all aspects. Our team decided to design a security system for the cars that could be controlled remotely and a system that could be helpful in ensuring the high-level security for the cars with additional features. We have designed the security system that can enable a two-way communication between the owner of the car and the alarm system implemented in the car. This project will be able to notify the owner whenever, intrusion is detected and allows the owner to control the cars remotely. I have implemented GSM positioning in manner to detect the location of the cars for the situations if the cars have been stolen or moved to other place. Objectives developed for the project In manner to develop an efficient and effective system, I had developed objectives related to the development of the system, which can enable high security for the cars. Following are the list of objectives: To develop a security system for the cars To enable the users to be notified whenever car shifted from its place. To embed mobile control security system for the cars To implement an alarm system with two-way communication between the car and users My area of work I had organized the memory allocation and development tools for decoding the signal transmission and receiving from the microcontroller. I had implemented PIC16C57 memory into the data memory and program memory and for the devices having more than 512 bytes of program memory, paging scheme had been used. I had used two STATUS register bits for accessing the pages of the program memory. I had used the banking scheme for the devices needing more than 32 registers of the memory register files. I had used the short message service in place of the DTMF technique because of its flexibility in nature. I had tried to keep the project cheap and highly secured in manner to assure the popularity that will be gained among the consumers. Figure 1: Program Memory Map and Stacks I had implemented various types of software and hardware development tools as following: ICEPIC Low-Cost In-Circuit Emulator PICMASTER In-Circuit Emulator MPLAB Integrated Development Software MPASM Assembler PRO MATE II Universal Programmer Project Group My responsibilities throughout the project I was responsible for managing the whole team and motivating the whole team to a respective goal of delivering the successful project. I had purchased all the components and implemented them within the project. I had selected cheaper components in manner to manage the budget of the project. I was responsible for delivering all the objectives of my area work that includes memory allocations, and software and hardware development tools for the signal transmission. I had ensured that the range of the signal should be wider and the users mobile phone will be receiving without any interference and thus I had used tools stated in the above section. All the components of the project need to be re-evaluated thus, I had thoroughly examined after the completion of the project. Distinctive Activity Comprehending the theory of the project I had used PIC, as it is a low current device that can be operated at less than 2mA with the clock oscillator speed of approximately 4Mhz, at lower speed 32 KHz the device will be drawing 15uA. I had implemented PIC16C57 because of its cheap nature and high performance with the 8-bit, CMOS microcontroller based on EPROM/ROM that will be performing the action related to the signal transmission, and signal coding and decoding. The user will be able to receive signals after installing a transceiver that will be operating in conjunction with the alarm system of the cars. I had embedded the MCCS in manner to offer advance feature in manner to push notifications whenever, intrusion had been detected and activate the alarm of the car and disarm or arm the vehicle if the intrusion is responded by the user as a threat. The short message service will be helpful in ensuring that the user will be notified to his or her mobile device. Engineering knowledge and skills applied in the project I had practically implemented my engineering skills and knowledge under the implementation of signal transmission and tools consideration for the project. I had chosen MCCS hardware system and firmware in manner to allow the users to control the alarm system through remote transmitter and user will be able to disarm or arm as per the nature of the threat. I had used MCCS, as the GSM network can detect it through the mobile device and it will be helpful in getting notification related to the location of the car. This will enable the user to be notified when the car is lost or theft and will indirectly send the location of the car to the user. Figure 2: MCCS System Configuration Accomplishment and task performed I had accomplished the MCCS firmware design and C2C abbreviation had been used for the C2C plus C compiler for Scenix and PIC processors. Various commands of the C and Cplus programming language had been embedded in the project. I had also implemented Universal Programmer ALL-11 that consists of universal programmable configuration or memory that includes EEPROM, EPROM, PLD, FLASH, microcontrollers and Serial PROM, and microcontrollers from Microchip, Intel, Motorola and many more. Identified issues and their solutions Issues Coding particular command for the particular action was a challenging issue as there were many commands to be embedded within then tool. Looping commands were sometimes ending to the infinite execution and resulting nothing. Solutions Professor helps us with the commands that helped my team in the evaluation of the coding and the results were positive. If loops were generally confusing and thus cases had been created in manner to eliminate the possibilities for the infinite execution. Plan to produce creative and innovative work I had investigated through various research papers and in addition, I had implemented my innovative thought and connected GSM network with the system. This implementation will be ensuring that the user will be able to find the location of his or her vehicle from anywhere if the mobile device is turned on. I had created this innovation thought in manner to boost the thoughts presented by other researchers and produce an innovative and new project. Collaborative work The project was a team work in which two other members had made their contribution. I was leading the team as the team leader and leading the team towards the successful and efficient delivery of the project. The whole project was divided into three parts and other two members were contributing in the coding and setup of the project. Assistant professor also plays his crucial role in motivating us and delivering a successful project. Project Review Project Overview I had developed system that can be helpful in enabling the two-way communication between the cars security system and the user in manner to enhance the security level of the cars. It will be pushing notification to the owner of the vehicle whenever the system detects any intrusion and will enable the user to control the security features remotely and evaluate the status of the vehicle through mobile device. This vehicle location detection is being enabled because of the GSM positioning concept that can be a cheaper and wide range covering technology for monitoring the position of the vehicle. Mobile phone is being used as a transceiver and uses the single main control unit in manner to coordinate the functions of the interfaces implemented within the system. My contribution to work I was completely devoted to make this project successful and deliver the system that can reduce the crime rate of car stealing. I was managing the team members in manner to achieve a successful security system that can enable the user to control the security system of the car and protect it from intruders. I had implemented the memory allocation for the actions and the signal receiving and transmitted to the IC and tried to keep the range broader through implementing GSM network. I was leading the team and all the components were brought those were cheap and much efficient for the project and ensured that the project will go according to the plan.

The Lottery Essay Summary Example For Students

The Lottery Essay Summary The lottery The popular opinion in society is always the opinion of the majority of society.Due to this simple fact, minorities often are ignored when they attempt to voice their opinions and are sometimes scrutinized for it.In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird many such examples exist, as well as in The Grapes of Wrath and the short story The Lottery.All three of these works, in different methods show to some extent that the voices of minorities are often just whispers among a roaring society. Marginal members of society are particularly mocked and maimed.Tom Robinson for example, from To Kill a Mockingbird, a black man accused of raping a white woman is convicted even though circumstantial evidence is all but presented.His lawyer, Atticus Finch describes the case in this quote, In our courts when its a white mans word against a black mans, the white man always wins.Theyre ugly, but those are the facts of life.There is a sense of support for the African-Americans present in the novel too.Mr. Dolphus Raymond states his opinions of discrimination to Dill perfectly, You arent thin-hided, it just makes you sick, doesnt it?Atticus also tells his children some very good advice for the future, As you grow older youll see white men cheat black men every day of your life, but let me tell you something and dont you forget it-whenever a white man does that to a black man, no matter who he is, how rich he is, or how fine a family he comes from, that white man is trash.Women, as well a s children, although they are not a minority, they are treated the same way.In Shirley Jacksons The Lottery they schedule a public stoning every year for June 27, and decide who to stone through a process of drawing slips of paper for families and then for individuals of that family.Women and children are no exception to the rule.They draw too.When Tessie Hutchinson begins to object to the manner of the drawing, she is cut off in this quote, Suddenly, Tessie Hutchinson shouted to Mr. Summers, You didnt give him time enough to take any paper he wanted.I saw you. It wasnt fair!Be a good sport, Tessie, Mrs. Delacroix called, and Mrs. Graves said, All of us took the same chance.Shut up, Tessie, Bill Hutchinson said.Tessie Hutchinson is told to shut up by her own husband! Mrs. Hutchinson detests the lottery and does so until her death, as shown in this quote, It isnt fair, it isnt right, Mrs. Hutchinson screamed, and then they were upon her.This is a direct disregard to hear her opinions and her ideas.Children are also shown this discrimination in Lees To Kill a Mockingbird.After saying Hey to her aging neighbor, Scout is chastised by Mrs. Dubose rather sharply.Mrs. Dubose replies to Scout, Dont you say hey to me, you ugly girl!You say good afternoon, Mrs. Dubose!This only reinforces the fact that young people are discriminated against as much as minorities. We will write a custom essay on The Lottery Summary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath, this same disrespect is shown to the Okies, as they are called.The Joads upon arrival at their destination in southern California, they find that their paradise is due south of heaven.Locals call them dirty and stupid, and reject them.Even local bums reject them as in this quote, No, looka here.Ill come for ya tonight.Maybe Im wrong.Theres stools aroun all a time.Im takin a chancet, an I got a kid, too.But Ill come for ya.An if ya see a cop, why, youre a goddamn Okie, see?The Joads are left out and scrutinized, not for being a minority, but because they are foreigners in their own country. .u1f82b19bc44f64d759bc629b6ad74dec , .u1f82b19bc44f64d759bc629b6ad74dec .postImageUrl , .u1f82b19bc44f64d759bc629b6ad74dec .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1f82b19bc44f64d759bc629b6ad74dec , .u1f82b19bc44f64d759bc629b6ad74dec:hover , .u1f82b19bc44f64d759bc629b6ad74dec:visited , .u1f82b19bc44f64d759bc629b6ad74dec:active { border:0!important; } .u1f82b19bc44f64d759bc629b6ad74dec .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1f82b19bc44f64d759bc629b6ad74dec { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1f82b19bc44f64d759bc629b6ad74dec:active , .u1f82b19bc44f64d759bc629b6ad74dec:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1f82b19bc44f64d759bc629b6ad74dec .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1f82b19bc44f64d759bc629b6ad74dec .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1f82b19bc44f64d759bc629b6ad74dec .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1f82b19bc44f64d759bc629b6ad74dec .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1f82b19bc44f64d759bc629b6ad74dec:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1f82b19bc44f64d759bc629b6ad74dec .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1f82b19bc44f64d759bc629b6ad74dec .u1f82b19bc44f64d759bc629b6ad74dec-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1f82b19bc44f64d759bc629b6ad74dec:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Fossil Fuel Consumption, CO2 and its impact on Glo EssayThe three works, all in different genres of literature, all show a similar message within them.Minorities are rarely accepted and heard out.Even for the slightest reason, these people are rejected, and scrutinized.Yet they manage to survive, because they are the people and they go on.

Quantitative Techniques Essays

Quantitative Techniques Essays Quantitative Techniques Essay Quantitative Techniques Essay Explain the use of Quantitative Techniques in Business and Management? Marks: 10 b). What are limitations of Statistics? Marks: 10 Page 2 of 29 Page 3 of 29 a). QUATITATIVE TECHNIQUES Quantitative techniques refers to the group of statistical and operations research techniques. All these techniques require preliminary knowledge of certain topics in mathematics. Quantitative Techniques Statistical Techniques Techniques Operations Research USE OF QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES IN BUSINESS AND MANAGMENT Due to increasing complexity in business and industry, decision making based on intuition has become highly questionable especially when the decision involves the choice among several courses of action each of which can achieve several management actions. So there is need for training the people who can manage a system efficiently and creatively. Quantitative Techniques now have a major role in effective decision making in various functional areas of management i. e. marketing, finance, production and personnel. These techniques are also widely used in planning, transportation, public health, communication, military, agriculture etc. Quantitative techniques are also used extensively as an aid in business decision making. Some of the areas where quantitative techniques can be used are: Page 3 of 29 Page 4 of 29 MANAGEMENT i). Marketing Analysis of marketing research information Statistical records for building and maintaining an extensive market Sales forecasting iii). iv). ECONOMICS Measurement of gross national product and input-output analysis Determination of business cycle, long term growth and seasonal fluctuations Comparison of market prices, cost and profits of individual firms Analysis of population, land economies and economic geography Page 4 of 29 ii). Production Production planning, control and analysis Evaluation of machine performance Quality control requirement (to analyze the data/trends) Inventory control measures Finance, Accounting and Investment Financial forecast, budget preparation Financial investment decisions Selection of securities Auditing function Credit policies, credit risk and delinquent accounts Personnel Labour turn over rate Employment trends Performance appraisal Wage rates and incentive plans Page 5 of 29 Operational studies of public utilities Formulation of appropriate economic policies and evaluation of their effect RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT Development of new product lines Optimal use of resources Evaluation of existing products NATURAL SCIENCE Diagnosis of disease based on data like temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure etc. Judging the efficiency of a particular drug for curing a certain disease Study of plant life In the competitive and dynamic business world, firms/companies who likes to succee d and survive are those which are capable of maximizing the use of tools of management like quantitative techniques. ) LIMITATIONS OF STATISTICS Statistics with all its wide application in every sphere of human activity has its own limitations. Some of them are given below. 1. STATISTICS IS NOT SUITABLE TO THE STUDY OF QUALITATIVE PHENOMENON: Since statistics is basically a science and deals with a set of numerical data, it is applicable to the study of only these subjects of enquiry, which can be expressed in terms of quantitative measurements. As a matter of fact, qualitative phenomenon like honesty, poverty, beauty, intelligence etc, cannot be expressed numerically and any Page 5 of 29 Page 6 of 29 statistical analysis cannot be directly applied on these qualitative phenomenons. Nevertheless, statistical techniques may be applied indirectly by first reducing the qualitative expressions to accurate quantitative terms. For example, the intelligence of a group of students can be studied on the basis of their marks in a particular examination. 2. STATISTICS DOES NOT STUDY INDIVIDUALS: Statistics does not give any specific importance to the individual items; in fact it deals with an aggregate of objects. Individual items, when they are taken individually do not constitute any statistical data and do not serve any purpose for any statistical enquiry. 3. STATISTICAL LAWS ARE NOT EXACT: It is well known that mathematical and physical sciences are exact. But statistical laws are not exact and statistical laws are only approximations. Statistical conclusions are not universally true. They are true only on an average. 4. STATISTICS TABLE MAY BE MISUSED: Statistics must be used only by experts; otherwise, statistical methods are the most dangerous tools on the hands of the inexpert. The use of statistical tools by the inexperienced and untraced persons might lead to wrong conclusions. Statistics can be easily misused by quoting wrong figures of data. 5. STATISTICS IS ONLY, ONE OF THE METHODS OF STUDYING A PROBLEM: Statistical method do not provide complete solution of the problems because problems are to be studied taking the background of the countries culture, philosophy or religion into consideration. Thus the statistical study should be supplemented by other evidences. References: www. textbooksonline. tn. nic. in/ Page 6 of 29 Page 7 of 29 Question 2 ). Different types of functions are introduced and used in CACULUS, briefly explain them? Marks: 10 b). Graph and find domain of f(x) = 22 if x lt; 0 if x gt; 0 Marks: 10 3x + 1 Page 7 of 29 Page 8 of 29 a). TYPES OF FUNCTION Different types of functions that are introduced and used in calculus are: i). ii). iii). iv). v). vi). i). Linear Function Polynomial Function Absolute Value Function Inverse Function Ste p Function Algebraic Function LINEAR FUNCTION A linear function is one in which the power of independent variable is 1, it is also called single variable function. The general expression of linear function having only one independent variable is: y = f(x) = a + bx where a and b are given real numbers and x is an independent variable taking all numerical values in an interval. Single variable function can be linear and non-linear, for example y = and y = 2 + 3x – 52 + x2 (non-linear single variable function) 3 + 2x (Linear single variable function) Page 8 of 29 Page 9 of 29 A linear function with one variable can always be graphed in a two dimensional plane. This graph can always be plotted by giving different values to x and calculating corresponding values of y. The graph of such functions is always a straight line. ii). POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION Polynomial functions are functions with x as an input variable, made up of several terms, each term is made up of two factors, the first being a real number coefficient, and the second being x raised to some non-negative integer power. Polynomial functions are functions that have this form: y = f(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + + a1x1 + a0 The value of n must be a nonnegative integer. That is, it must be whole number; it is equal to zero or a positive integer. an, an-1, , a1, a0 are called coefficients. These are real numbers. The degree of the polynomial function is the highest value for n where an is not equal to 0. If n = 1, then the polynomial function is of degree 1 and is called a linear function and if n = 2 then the polynomial function is of degree 2 and is called quadratic function and usually written as: y = iii). ax2 + bx + c ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION The absolute value function is the real-valued function defined as follows. =  ¦x  ¦ Where  ¦x  ¦ is known as magnitude or absolute value of x. By absolute value means that whether x is positive or negative, its Page 9 of 29 Page 10 of 29 absolute value will remain positive. For example  ¦7  ¦= 7 and  ¦-6  ¦ = 6. The graph of given function is like this: iv). INVERSE FUNCTION Take the function y = f(x). Then the value of y can be uniquely determined for given values of x as per the functiona l relationship. . Sometimes it is required to consider x as a of y, so that for given values of y, the values of x can be determined as per the functional relationship. This is called the inverse function and is also donated by x = f -1 (y). For example consider the linear function: y= ax + b Expressing this in terms of x, we get x = = y b /a y/a b/a = cy – d where c = 1/a, and d = b/a This is also a linear function and is denoted by x = f -1 (y). v). STEP FUNCTION For different values of an independent variable x in an interval, the dependant variable y = f(x) takes a constant value, but takes Page 10 of 29 Page 11 of 29 different values in different intervals. In such cases the given function y = f(x) is called a step function. i). ALGEBRAIC TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS Functions can also be classified with respect to the mathematical operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, powers and roots) involved in the functional relationship between dependant variable and independent variables. When only finite number of terms are involved in a functional relationship and variables are affected only by the mathematical operations, then the function is called an algebraic function otherwise transcendental function. The following functions are algebraic functions of x. ). ii). iii). y = 23 + 52 3x + 9 y = vx + 1/x2 Y = x3 1/ vx + 2 The subclasses of transcendental functions are: i). ii). b). Exponential Function Logarithmic Function DOMAIN: Domain consists of all real numbers except zero. Now consider f (x) = 22 where x lt; 0 Supposed the values of x are -1, -3, -5, then Page 11 of 29 Page 12 of 29 f (-1) = 2(-1)2 = 2 f(-3) = 2(-3)2 = 18 f(-5) = 2(-5)2 = 50 Its graph is as follows; f (x) = 22 60 50 40 Y-Axis 30 20 10 0 -6 -5 -4 -3 X-Axis -2 -1 Now consider f (x) = 3x + 1 if x gt; 0 Suppose value of x are 1, 3, 5, so f (1) = f (3) = f (5) = 3(1) + 1 3(3) + 1 3(5) + 1 = = = 4 10 16 Its graph will be as follows; Page 12 of 29 Page 13 of 29 f (x) = 3x + 1 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 1 Y-Axis 6 5 4 X-Axis 3 Reference: themathpage. com http://oregonstate. edu Quantitative Techniques (AIOU) Page 13 of 29 Page 14 of 29 Question 3 a). Given the following input-output table, calculate the gross output so as to meet the final demand of 200 units of Agriculture and 800 units of industry. The following data relates to the sales of 100 companies is given below: Consumer Sector Producer Sector Agriculture Industry Agriculture Industry Final Demand Total Output 300 400 600 1200 100 400 1000 2000 Marks: 10 b). Discriminate between the census and sampling methods of data collection and compare their merits and demerits. Why is the sampling method unavoidable in certain situations? Marks: 10 Page 14 of 29 Page 15 of 29 Solution: Page 15 of 29 Page 16 of 29 b). CENSUS Census is a complete enumeration of an entire population of statistical units in a field of interest. It is also called complete enumeration survey. For example, population census canvases every household in a country to count for the number of permanent residents and other characteristics; census of manufacturing canvases all establishments engaging in manufacturing activities. Data from the census serve as base-year or benchmark data. Requirement: A complete and up-to-date register of all statistical units in the field of inquiry is required. Advantages: Census provides the most reliable statistics if done professionally and with integrity. Disadvantages: Very costly to enumerate and to process data. Timeliness is low: data is available for use only many months, even years after. Census is normally carried every five or ten years. SAMPLING METHOD When the investigator studies only a representative part of the total population and makes inferences about the population on the basis of that study. It is known as sampling method or Survey. In both methods, the investigator is interested in studying some characteristics of the population. Advantages: Provide more up-to-date statistics, which are reliable if scientifically designed and professionally implemented, less costly than census. Sampling errors can also Page 16 of 29 Page 17 of 29 be obtained. Surveys are normally carried out weekly, monthly, quarterly or annually. Disadvantages: Timeliness requires prompt data processing, thus less information may be asked. SITUATIONS IN WHICH SAMPLING METHOD IS UNAVOIDABLE Sampling method is unavoidable in following situations Unlimited population Distractive population nature Unapproachable population e. g. Mobilink users In quality control, such as finding the tensile strength of a steel specimen by stretching it till it breaks. Another example is in process checking in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals where it is not possible to check the each and every tablet or injection. Secondly quality testing results in destruction of items itself. ******************************* Page 17 of 29 Page 18 of 29 Question 4 a). The following data relates to the sales of 100 companies is given below: Sales (Lakhs) 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 No. of Complaints 5 12 13 20 Sales (Lakhs) 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 No. of Complaints 18 15 10 7 Draw less than and more than ogives. Determine the number of companies whose sales are (i) less than Rs. 3 Lakhs (ii) more than Rs. 36 Lakhs and (iii) between Rs. 13 lakhs and Rs. 36 lakhs. Marks: 10 b). Briefly explain the following important concepts: i). Continuous Data ii). Discrete Data iii). Frequency Distribution iv). Qualitative Data v). Quantitative Data Marks: 10 Page 18 of 29 Page 19 of 29 a). OGIVE â€Å"An ogive is a specialized line graph which shows how many items there are whic h are below a certain value. † The horizontal axis shows the upper class boundaries marked on the scale, just like a histogram. The vertical axis shows the cumulative frequency, which is just a fancy name for a running total. Some line graphs are actually ogives. First we calculate the cumulative frequency. We start at 5. Next line: 5 + 12 = 17 Next line: 17 + 13 = 30 Next line: 30 + 20 = 50 and so on. Sales No. of X Companies (Lakhs) (f) 5-10 5 Less than 10 10-15 12 Less than 15 15-20 13 Less than 20 20-25 20 Less than 25 25-30 18 Less than 30 30-35 15 Less than 35 35-40 10 Less than 40 40-45 7 Less than 45 Cumulative Frequency 5 17 30 50 68 83 93 100 More than 5 More than 10 More than 15 More than 20 More than 25 More than 30 More than 35 More than 40 Decumulative Frequency 100 95 83 70 50 32 17 7 ). ii). iii). Less than Rs. 13 Lakhs = 12 companies 15 companies 73 companies (Graph I) (Graph II) (Graph I) More than Rs. 36 Lakhs = B/w 13 and 36 Lakhs = Page 19 of 29 Page 20 of 29 Page 20 of 29 Page 21 of 29 Page 21 of 29 Page 22 of 29 b). i). CONTINUOUS DATA Continuous data is information that can be measured on a continuum or scale. Continuous data can have almost any numeric value and can be meaningf ully subdivided into finer and finer increments, depending upon the precision of the measurement system. In contrast to discrete data like good or bad, off or on, etc. continuous data can be recorded at many different points (length, size, width, time, temperature, cost, etc. ). Lets say you are measuring the size of a marble. To be within specification, the marble must be at least 25mm but no bigger than 27mm. If you measure and simply count the number of marbles that are out of spec (good v/s bad) you are collecting attribute data. However, if you are actually measuring each marble and recording the size (i. e. 25. 2mm, 26. 1mm, 27. 5mm, etc) thats continuous data, and you actually get more information about what youre measuring from continuous data than from attribute data. Data can be continuous in the geometry or continuous in the range of values. The range of values for a particular data item has a minimum and a maximum value. Continuous data can be any value in between. ii). DISCRETE DATA Discrete data is information that can be categorized into a classification. Discrete data is based on counts. Only a finite number of values is possible, and the values cannot be subdivided meaningfully. For example, the number of parts damaged in shipment. Example . A 5 question quiz is given in a Math class. The number of correct answers on a students quiz is an example of discrete data. The number of correct answers would have to be one of the Page 22 of 29 Page 23 of 29 following: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. There are not an infinite number of values, therefore this data is discrete. Also, if we were to draw a number line and place each possible value on it, we would see a space between each pair of values. iii). FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION Frequency distribution is a way of summarizing a set of data. It is a record of how often each value (or set of values) of the variable in question occurs. It may be enhanced by the addition of percentages that fall into each category. A frequency table is used to summarize categorical, nominal, and ordinal data. It may also be used to summarize continuous data once the data set has been divided up into sensible groups. Example Suppose that in thirty shots at a target, a marksman makes the following scores: 522344320303215 131552400454455 The frequencies of the different scores can be summarized as: Score 0 1 2 3 4 5 Frequency 4 3 5 5 6 7 Frequency (%) 13% 10% 17% 17% 20% 23% Page 23 of 29 Page 24 of 29 iv). QUALITATIVE DATA Qualitative data is extremely varied in nature. It includes virtually any information that can be captured that is not numerical in nature. Qualitative data are generally (but not always) of less value to scientific research than quantitative data, due to their subjective and intangible nature. It is possible to approximate quantitative data from qualitative data Qualitative methods are ways of collecting data which are concerned with describing meaning, rather than with drawing statistical inferences. What qualitative methods (e. g. case studies and interviews) lose on reliability they gain in terms of validity. They provide a more in depth and rich description. v). QUATITATIVE DATA Information that can be counted or expressed numerically. This type of data is often collected in experiments, manipulated and statistically analyzed. Quantitative data can be represented visually in graphs and charts. Quantitative methods are those which focus on numbers and frequencies rather than on meaning and experience. Quantitative methods (e. g. experiments, questionnaires and psychometric tests) provide information which is easy to analyze statistically and fairly reliable. Quantitative methods are associated with the scientific and experimental approach and are criticized for not providing an in depth description. Page 24 of 29 Page 25 of 29 Reference: stats. gla. ac. uk/ en. wikipedia. org www. isixsigma. com Page 25 of 29 Page 26 of 29 Question 5 a). What are the Quantiles? Explain and illustrate the concepts of Quartiles, deciles and Percentiles? Marks: 10 b). The geometric mean of 10 observations on a certain variable was calculated to be 16. 2. It was later discovered that one of the observations was wrongly recorded as 10. , when in fact it was 21. 9. Apply appropriate correction and calculate the correct geometric mean. Marks: 10 Page 26 of 29 Page 27 of 29 a). QUANTILE â€Å"Quantiles are points taken at regular intervals from the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of a random variable† For example quantiles divide distribution into four parts. QUARTLE â€Å"A quartile is any of the three values which divide the sorted data set int o four equal parts, so that each part represents one fourth of the sampled population. † Each quartile contains 25% of the total observations. Generally, the data is ordered from smallest to largest with those observations falling below 25% of all the data analyzed allocated within the 1st quartile, observations falling between 25. 1% and 50% and allocated in the 2nd quartile, then the observations falling between 51% and 75% allocated in the 3rd quartile, and finally the remaining observations allocated in the 4th quartile. Its formula is: Quartiles where = l + h(2n/4 pcf) f l h f n pcf = lower class boundary of specific class = class interval = frequency of specific class = total frequecy i. . ? f = n = cumulative frequency of preceding class Page 27 of 29 Page 28 of 29 DECILES Any one of the numbers or values in a series dividing the distribution of the individuals in the series into ten groups of equal frequency. Since nine points divide the distribution into ten equal parts, we shall have nine deciles denoted by D1, D2, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. D9. The formula of decile is: Decile (DL) = where l + h(2n/10 pcf) f l h f n pcf PERCENTILES = lower class boundary of specific class = class interval = frequency of specific class = total frequecy i. . ? f = n = cumulative frequency of preceding class Those values which divide the total data into hundred equal parts are called percentiles. Since 99 points divide the distribution into hundred equal parts, we shall have 99 percentiles denoted by P1,P2, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ P99. Its formula is: Percentile (Pi) where = l + h(2n/100 pcf) f l h f n pcf = lower class boundary of specific class = class interval = frequency of specific class = total frequecy i. e. ? f = n = cumulative frequency of preceding class Page 28 of 29 Page 29 of 29 b). Page 29 of 29

Markets and the Economy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Markets and the Economy - Term Paper Example These built-in stabilizers are: transfer payments and income taxes. During economic downturn, government employs loose fiscal policy in order to increase aggregate demand which leads the economy towards recovery. The government offers subsidiaries to the business sector in order to reduce the level of unemployment. The tax cut increase the profit at the cost of decrease government revenue. According to the Keynesian economists, an expansionary fiscal policy employed by the government during the recession could stabilize the economy. This is so because as the result of this policy aggregate demand will increase that will stimulate the passive economy. This point of view of loose fiscal policy is rejected by many economists on the ground that the increase in aggregate demand (AD) will generate the crowding out situation in an economy. A crowding out situation means the fall in the spending of the private sector as the result of increased government spending. However, this rejection is ruled out by the counter argument that ‘crowding out’ will not formulate because the government will increase its spending only by using its previously unemployed resources. IS curve is a curve that is formed to show a negative relation between the interest rate and the income. During the time period of recession, the effectiveness of the fiscal policy depends on the sensitivity of IS curve. The effect of the fiscal policy will be greater in case of steeper IS curve whilst it will be less in case of flatter IS curve. Thus, in case of inelastic IS curve (steeper) the fiscal policy will be effective due to a little crowding out of the private investment. Khan (2010) indicated in an article that it is important for economies to keep deficit as low as possible in order to be able to meet the deficit by use of domestic resources or by borrowing from international fund providers. A low budget deficit helps an economy to become stabilized early by meeting